Migrasomes deliver messages from migrating cells (preprint)

Migrasomes are newly discovered extracellular vesicles that can mediate communication between cells. These unique vesicles form exclusively at the rear of migrating cells with the help of a protein called TSPAN4. After they’re left behind, the migrasomes and their contents can be captured by nearby cells and affect the recipient cells’ behavior. They can also serve as “breadcrumb trails” that mark the paths of their migrating parent cells. Migrasomes participate in both health and disease. For example, they can dispose of damaged mitochondria to maintain healthy cells and they help establish left–right patterning in zebrafish embryos by releasing the protein CXCL12 to recruit dorsal forerunner cells (DFCs). However, migrasomes can also deliver molecules that promote tumor growth and metastasis and migrasomes released from platelets promote blood clotting after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, migrasomes can facilitate an eye condition called proliferative vitreoretinopathy that leads to retinal detachment and blindness. Better characterization of the contents and roles of migrasomes will help us understand these newly identified vesicles and reveal how they can be leveraged to diagnose and treat diseases.

Evolving Trends for the Clinical Presentation of Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments From Early to Late Phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact on trends in clinical presentation of acute, primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRD) from early to late phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This study was a single-center, consecutive case series of 1,727 patients treated after vaccine availability ("late"; 3/29/21 to 9/26/21), corresponding time frame in previous year of pandemic ("early"; 3/30/20 to 9/27/20), and prior to pandemic ("pre"; 4/1/19 to 9/29/19). Primary outcome was proportion of patients presenting with macula-off RRD. Secondary outcomes included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and primary proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). RESULTS: While macula-off RRD rates were significantly (P < 0.0001) elevated in early and late cohorts compared to the pre cohort, only the early cohort showed a significant (P < 0.0001) increase in both primary PVR presentation and complex RRD repair. Patients lost to follow-up in early cohort were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than others. Early cohort showed significantly (P < 0.0001) worse final BCVA compared to others. CONCLUSION: Patients in late pandemic were less likely to exhibit clinical features of worse RRD disease and have improved visual outcomes compared to those in early pandemic. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2023;54:78-83.].

COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy and Its Association With Altered Presentation of Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment.

PURPOSE: Evaluate factors associated with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy and clinical trends in primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs) during the first year of vaccine availability. DESIGN: Single-center, clinical cohort study. METHODS: Consecutive patients from December 14, 2020, to December 12, 2021, presenting vaccinated (Prior-), subsequently vaccinated (Later-), or remaining unvaccinated (Never-Vax). Primary outcome was proportion with macula-off (mac-off) RRD. Secondary outcomes included logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), primary proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), proportion lost to follow-up, and distance traveled. RESULTS: 1047 patients were divided into 391 Prior-, 252 Later-, and 404 Never-Vax cohorts. Significantly greater proportions of Later- and Never-Vax cohorts presented with mac-off RRDs (Prior-Vax = 44.5%; Later-Vax = 54%, P < .0001; Never-Vax = 57.9%, P < .0001) and primary PVR (Prior-Vax = 4.3%; Later-Vax = 13.6%, P < .0001; Never-Vax = 17.1%, P < .0001) compared to Prior-Vax cohort. Significantly greater proportion of Never-Vax cohort (7.7%, P < .0001) were lost to follow-up compared to Prior- (2.3%) and Later-Vax (2.2%) cohorts. Never-Vax cohort (median = 35 miles) traveled farther compared to Prior- (median = 22.3 miles; P < .0001) and Later-Vax cohorts (25.45 miles; P = .0038). Prior-Vax cohort had significantly better (P < .05) initial (median = 0.30 logMAR) and final (0.18 logMAR) BCVA compared to Later- (Initial: 0.54 logMAR; Final: 0.30 logMAR) and Never-Vax (Initial: 0.70 logMAR; Final: 0.40 logMAR) cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is associated with worse clinical presentation and outcomes for primary RRD.

Role of Curcumin in Retinal Diseases-A review.

PURPOSE: To review the role of curcumin in retinal diseases, COVID era, modification of the molecule to improve bioavailability and its future scope. METHODS: PubMed and MEDLINE searches were pertaining to curcumin, properties of curcumin, curcumin in retinal diseases, curcumin in diabetic retinopathy, curcumin in age-related macular degeneration, curcumin in retinal and choroidal diseases, curcumin in retinitis pigmentosa, curcumin in retinal ischemia reperfusion injury, curcumin in proliferative vitreoretinopathy and curcumin in current COVID era. RESULTS: In experimental models, curcumin showed its pleiotropic effects in retinal diseases like diabetic retinopathy by increasing anti-oxidant enzymes, upregulating HO-1, nrf2 and reducing or inhibiting inflammatory mediators, growth factors and by inhibiting proliferation and migration of retinal endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner in HRPC, HREC and ARPE-19 cells. In age-related macular degeneration, curcumin acts by reducing ROS and inhibiting apoptosis inducing proteins and cellular inflammatory genes and upregulating HO-1, thioredoxin and NQO1. In retinitis pigmentosa, curcumin has been shown to delay structural defects of P23H gene in P23H-rhodopsin transgenic rats. In proliferative vitreoretinopathy, curcumin inhibited the action of EGF in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In retinal ischemia reperfusion injury, curcumin downregulates IL-17, IL-23, NFKB, STAT-3, MCP-1 and JNK. In retinoblastoma, curcumin inhibits proliferation, migration and apoptosis of RBY79 and SO-RB50. Curcumin has already proven its efficacy in inhibiting viral replication, coagulation and cytokine storm in COVID era. CONCLUSION: Curcumin is an easily available spice used traditionally in Indian cooking. The benefits of curcumin are manifold, and large randomized controlled trials are required to study its effects not only in treating retinal diseases in humans but in their prevention too.

Trends in the Clinical Presentation of Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of 1 full year of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on clinical presentation of acute, primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). DESIGN: Single-center, retrospective observational cohort study. METHODS: Patients were divided into 2 cohorts: consecutive patients treated for primary RRD during the COVID-19 pandemic (March 9, 2020, to March 7, 2021; pandemic cohort) and patients treated during the corresponding time in previous year (March 11, 2019, to March 8, 2020; control cohort). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of patients presenting with macula-involving (mac-off) or macula-sparring (mac-on) RRD. RESULTS: A total of 952 patients in the pandemic cohort and 872 patients in the control cohort were included. Demographic factors were similar. Compared with the control cohort, a significantly greater number of pandemic cohort patients presented with mac-off RRDs ([60.92%] pandemic, [48.17%] control, P = .0001) and primary proliferative vitreoretinopathy ([15.53%] pandemic, [6.9%] control, P = .0001). Pandemic cohort patients (10.81%) had significantly higher rates of lost to follow-up compared with the control cohort (4.43%; P = .0001). Patients new to our clinic demonstrated a significant increase in mac-off RRDs in the pandemic cohort (65.35%) compared with the control cohort (50.40%; P = .0001). Pandemic cohort patients showed worse median final best-corrected visual acuity (0.30 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) compared with the control cohort (0.18 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with primary RRD during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic were more likely to have mac-off disease, present with primary proliferative vitreoretinopathy, be lost to follow-up, and have worse final best-corrected visual acuity outcomes.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment services-Experiences from the Tongren eye center in Beijing.

PURPOSE: To investigate the impact on services for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) patients during the COVID-19 (2019coronal virus disease) pandemic in one tertiary center in Beijing. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study. Two reviewed consecutive RRD patients cohorts of the same length were treated during two different periods: the COVID-19 pandemic and the pre-COVID-19 group. The characteristics of patients, surgery, anesthesia methods, length of hospital stay, and the latest follow-up were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: There were 79 patients in the COVID-19 pandemic group with a 55.9% reduction (179). Compared to patients in the pre-COVID-19, patients in the COVID-19 pandemic had a longer presurgical waiting times (28days, 3days, p<0.001), a higher percentage of patients with presurgical poor (less than 0.02) visual acuity (55.7%, 32.4%, p = 0.009), and a higher percentage of patients with presurgical choroidal detachment (34.2%, 19.6%, p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in the severity of presurgical proliferative vitreoretinopathy between the two groups (p = 0.64). Surgeries on pathological myopia patients with macular hole retinal detachment were postponed in the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a lower percentage of scleral buckling (27.8%, 41.3%, p = 0.02) and a lower rate of subretinal fluid drainage (45.4%, 75.7%, p = 0.01) in the COVID-19 pandemic. There was no significant difference in either postoperative visual acuity (p = 0.73) or the rate of single-surgery retinal attachment (p = 1) between the two groups. Patients in the COVID-19 pandemic had a shorter length of hospital stay (3hours, 35 hours, p<0.001), and a lower percentage of patients received general anesthesia (48.1%, 83.2%, p<0.001). None was infected with COVID-19 disease during the pandemic. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown caused prolonged presurgical waiting times, shorter hospital stays, less general anesthesia, and a significant reduction of RRD surgeries. The RD were more complicated, the surgeons were more conservative on procedures and patients selection, while the surgery outcomes were comparable.

The Risk Factors of the Progression of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment on Patients with the Fourteen-day Quarantine in the Early Period of COVID-19 Outbreak (preprint)

Backgrounds: The COVID-19 pandemic has great impact on hospitals and patients. The fourteen-day quarantine caused surgery of RRD postponed. To explore the risk factors of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) progression in a group of patients whose surgery was postponed during the top-level emergency response of COVID-19.Methods: Retrospective case series study. The information on RRD patients who received surgeries in Beijing Tongren Hospital's retina service from February 16, 2020, to April 30, 2020 has been collected retrospectively. The history, manifestation on presentation and admission, and progression of RRD were recorded. RRD progression was defined as the presence of either choroidal detachment (CD) or proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) progression during the quarantine period. Risk factors were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model, survival analysis, and logistic regression.Results: There were 79 cases enrolled in this study. The median time from the patients' presentation at the clinic to admission for surgery was 14 days (3–61 days). There were 70 cases (88.6%) who did not present to the hospital within one week of the onset of visual symptoms. There were 69 (87.3%) macular-off cases at the presentation. There were 27 (34.2%) cases combined with choroidal detachment. There were 49 (62.0%) cases with PVR B, 22 (27.8%) cases with PVR C, 4  (5.1%) cases with PVR D, and 4 (5.1%) cases with PVR A. After the 14-day quarantine, 21 (26.6%) cases showed RRD progression, and 9 cases showed RD regression at the time of surgery. Neither the time of onset of the visual symptom (p=0.46) nor the time between presentation and admission (p=0.31) was significantly different between the patients with RRD progression and patients without RRD progression. The combination of CD (3.61, 1.86-6.99, p=0.001) and retinal breaks located posterior to the equator (3.78, 1.25-11.45, p=0.02) were factors related to the progression of RRD. Conclusions: In the cases enrolled in our study during the COVID-19 outbreak period, the RRD progression risk factors included a combination of CD and retinal breaks posterior to the equator. Ophthalmologists should schedule the surgeries for RRD patients with these signs as soon as possible.